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Abstract

This paper analyzes pre-existing scholarship and primary sources to connect 19th–20th century anti-Chinese sentiment to the notions of masculinity in the Americas. It takes a trans-national approach, examining Chinese labor migrations to both Anglo- and Latin-America and the effect they had on notions of gender. The paper argues that frontiersmen in the Americas, many of whom engaged in non-normative gender and sexuality practices, used anti-Chinese xenophobia to reinforce traditional masculinity. Connecting phenomena of race, gender, and sexuality, it takes an intersectional approach to history.

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